"use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Lincoln wholeheartedly supported Clay's economic programs. A group of men, led by Owen Brown, was able to kidnap Washington, while the rest of the men, with John Brown at the lead, began a raid on Harpers Ferry to seize both weapons and pro-slavery leaders in the town. [3], Abraham Lincoln, the Whig leader in Illinois, was a great admirer of Clay, saying he was "my ideal of a great man." With no escape route and under heavy fire, Brown sent his son Watson out to surrender. The anti-abolitionist movement had been sending Clay death threats for years, and attempts had been made on his life in the past, but in 1843, his abolitionist crusading became too much for them. One of the most important points of contention between the two men was over the Maysville Road. Once in Russia, Clay had influence on the War back in the United States. Portrait of Henry Clay After the election of Andrew Jackson, Clay led the opposition to Jackson's policies. In the end, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry ended in failure. In 1833, Clay was studying law at Transylvania University in Lexington and wooing a woman named Mary Jane Warfield. His house in Ripley has been designated a National Historic Landmark and restored. However, Browns financial losses continued to mount, although he did remarry in 1833. John Browns Harpers Ferry Raid. Battlefields.org. They were instructed that the sealed orders were to be opened only if Britain and France entered the war on the side of the Confederacy. [27][28][29], They each had three turns. He was inspired by Garrison and it was said in at least one source that Garrisons arguments were as water is to a thirsty wayfarer. Garrisons ideas struck a chord with Clay, he was not in favor of Garrisons idea of trying to abolish slavery immediately. Clay was a pioneer when it came to plantation owners who became anti-slavery crusaders. He opposed the annexation of Texas, fearing it would inject the slavery issue into politics. But no challenge came, and the next day Clay was informed that Declarey had been so intimidated that he had gone upstairs, cut his wrists, and bled out. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. Clay supported a more gradual legal change, at least in the beginning of career. Clay was by that time a U.S. Counsellor of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 1859-1960. He was 92 years old. The Browns were strict Calvinists and believed enslaving people was a sin against God. They targeted a group of pro-slavery settlers called the Pottawatomie Rifles. A founding member of the Republican Party in Kentucky, he was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as the U.S. minister to Russia, where Clay is credited with influencing Russian support for the Union during the American Civil War. Slave freedom suit[edit] Main article: Charlotte Dupuy As Secretary of State, Clay lived with his family and slaves in Decatur House on Lafayette Square. [40], Clay was given much of the credit for the Compromise's success. The action of Alexander II was confirmed in 1904 by Wharton Barker of Pennsylvania, who in 1878 was the financial agent in the United States of the Russian government. John Browns Day of Reckoning. Smithsonianmag.com. WebAbolitionists, 1780-1865 Lauren Anderson, Harvard College Class of 2021, Social Studies On March 16, 1827, the Black abolitionists Reverend Samuel E. Cornish and John Brown Russwurm set out on a task: to plead our own cause. This phrase became the opening statement of Freedoms Journal, an abolitionist newspaper owned by the two publishers. Clay declared he would only accept if Lincoln would emancipate slaves under Confederate control. The War Hawks, mostly from the South and the West, resented British violations of United States (US) maritime rights and its treatment of US sailors; they feared British designs on US territory in the Old Northwest. Naturally, Clay was unable to attend, and Declarey told everyone within earshot that Clay had fled the duel out of cowardice. Born in Kentucky to a wealthy planter family, Clay entered politics during the 1830's and grew to support the abolitionist cause in the U.S., drawing ire from fellow Southerners. John Clay was buried near his home in Hanover County, Virgina in an unmarked grave. He guided hundreds of slaves along their way, continuing despite a $1,000 bounty placed on his head by slaveholders. Henry Clay Warmoth (R) was injured in 1871. Later, as one of the peace commissioners, Clay helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent and signed it on December 24, 1814. WebHistorical Marker #2076 in Bracken County commemorates abolitionist John Gregg Fee. Born in 1816, Fee was the son of a Bracken County slaveholder. With Tubman, whom he called General Tubman, Brown began planning an attack on slaveholders, as well as a United States military armory, at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), using armed freed enslaved people. Fee founded Berea College, which opened in 1855 as a one-room district school. As a leading war hawk in 1812, he favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation to war in the War of 1812. Although they dissolved the partnership two years later, Parker continued to grow his business, adding a blacksmith shop and machine shop. Portrait of Henry Clay By 1824, the unparalleled success of the Democratic-Republican Party had driven all other parties from the field. He claims to have had his life saved by Pocahontas, a Native read more, Despite his success as an actor on the national stage, John Wilkes Booth will forever be known as the man who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. 1851, graduated from. Parker, who was African American, helped hundreds of slaves Web(born: Sept. 9, 1816 - died: Jan. 11, 1901 (see findagrave.com )) John Gregg Fee was the leading abolitionist in Kentucky and the southern part of the country. Geni requires JavaScript! So who was the original Cassius Clay? From 1861 to 1865, The Union faced secessionists in 11 Southern states grouped together as the Confederacy and waged war against America. 1856, became a principal of a school in Illinois; he later taught in St. Louis. Kilka dni temu na blogu Google przeczytaam o wprowadzeniu rich snippets do Google.com. While in Russia, Clay was influential in the purchase of Alaska from Russia. Underground Railroad Fort Sumter 4. He would issue challenges over just about any subject under the sun, from political matters to personal insults to an argument overKentucky bluegrass. ACTIVITIES But that's not the whole story. Clay was born on October 19th, 1810 in Madison County, Kentucky. [13], Early law and political career[edit] Legal career[edit]. [2] They moved to Ripley, a growing center of abolitionist activity, and had seven children together:[2], The parents ensured that all their children were educated. There he became friends with George Wythe. Brown's bullet struck the scabbard and embedded itself in the silver. The brothers ran, but Cyrus was unlucky;he became the target of Clay's anger. At the time of his death, Clay's father owned more than 22 slaves, making him part of the planter class in Virginia (those men who owned 20 or more slaves).[6]. During his term, the controversy over the expansion of slavery in new lands had reemerged with the addition of the lands ceded to the United States by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the Mexican-American War. Marshall hit Clay once in the thigh.[25]. He had opposed the annexation of Texas and the expansion of slavery into the Southwest, but had volunteered because of Mexicos attempt to seize the state, which it still claimed. It didnt help that he lost his wife and two of his children to illness at the time. [17] As a legislator, Clay advocated a liberal interpretation of the state's constitution and initially the gradual emancipation of slavery in Kentucky, although the political realities of the time forced him to abandon that position. He rejoined the Republican party in the campaign of 1884. He must have assumed he had slain Clay, but he couldn't have been more wrong. Abolitionist leader Gerrit Smith was providing land in the area to Black farmersat that time, owning land or a house enabled Black men to vote. Cassius' sister Elizabeth Lewis Clay (17981887) married John Speed Smith, who also became a state and US politician. Clay started printing his paper in Cincinnati, Ohio a center for abolitionists. WebOn January 24, 1801, President John Adams responded to two abolitionists who had sent him an anti-slavery pamphlet by Quaker reformer Warner Mifflin (17451798). He served three different terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829. As he was preparing to return to Lexington in 1829, his slave Charlotte Dupuy sued Clay for her freedom and that of her two children, based on a promise by an earlier owner. In the ensuing fight, Clay fought off all six and, using his Bowie knife, killed Cyrus Turner.[9]. The committee was formed on April 17. "[2] Clay was politically incrementalist, supporting gradual legal change rather than calling for immediate abolition the way Garrison and his supporters did. In November, a jury found Brown guilty of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia. At this time, he also met Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, activists and abolitionists both, and they became important people in Browns life, reinforcing much of his ideology. It is widely believed his intention was to arm slaves for a rebellion, though he denied that. During the brawl, one of the brothersattempted to shoot at Clay's head several times, but the pistol wouldn't fire. Two members voted against the measure. The US annexation of Texas led to the Mexican-American War (18461848) (in which his namesake son died). Before he and his family could depart, the American Civil War started. Despite Polk's populism, the election was close; New York's 36 electoral votes proved the difference, and went to Polk by a slim 5,000 vote margin. In 1835, Clay was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives where he served three consecutive terms. One was Humphrey Marshall, an "aristocratic lawyer who possessed a sarcastic tongue," who had been hostile toward Clay in 1806 during the trial of Aaron Burr. However, during his time at Yale he attended a speech given by the famous abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. A few months later, Clay resigned his commission and returned to his post in Russia. In 1844, Clay was nominated by the Whigs against James K. Polk, the Democratic candidate. Louis Weeks, "John P. Parker: Black Abolitionist Entrepreneur, 1827-1900", Freedom River, Doreen Rappaport, NY: Hyperion Books for Children, 2000, This page was last edited on 14 January 2023, at 09:45. Henry Clay, Jr. enslaved a man named John Henry Clay, whose descendants gained notice in the 20th century. Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr., grandson of John Henry Clay, named for the abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay. However, the younger Brown was shot by the militia and mortally wounded. On June 29, 1852, he died of tuberculosis in Washington, D.C., at the age of 75. "Clay, Cassius Marcellus". They opposed the "tyranny" of Jackson, as their ancestors had opposed the tyranny of King George III. By 1819, though, he had returned to Hudson and opened a tannery of his own, on the opposite side of town from his father. By the mid-19th century, Americas westward expansion and the read more, The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a law that tried to address growing sectional tensions over the issue of slavery. In the political campaigns of 1876 and 1880, Clay supported the Democratic Party candidates. Cassius Marcellus Clay was born on October 19, 1810 in Madison County, Kentucky to Sally Lewis and Green Clay, one of the wealthiest planters and slave owners in Kentucky, who became a prominent politician. --Wikipedia. The disturbing but consequential nature of that abolitionism, [2], In Ripley, Parker joined the resistance movement, known as the Underground Railroad, whose members aided slaves escaping across the river from Kentucky to get further North to freedom; some chose to go to Canada. His arguments against slavery usually were primarily economic in nature, thus appealing to the self-interests of farmers and small slaveholders that, at the time, were feeling the effects of severe economic depression in the tobacco market. A militia made up of men from the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad arrived in town and assisted local residents in countering Browns attack. For most people, the name Cassius Clay is associated with one man and one man only: Muhammad Ali. John Brown was a leading figure in the abolitionist movement in the pre-Civil War United States. Clay was even a potential Vice Presidential running mate of Lincoln before losing out to Hannibal Hamlin. John Brown was a militant abolitionist whose violent raid on the U.S. military armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, was a flashpoint in the pre-Civil War era. May 1781 - Hanover Court, Comt De Montgomery, Pennsylvanie, tats-Unis, Chesterfield County, Province of Virginia, Hanover, Hanover County, Virginia, United States, Henry Clay, US Speaker of the House, Senator, Sec'y of State. The operation began on October 16, 1859, with the planned capture of Colonel Lewis Washington, a distant relative of George Washington, at the formers estate. [37] A declaration by Congress that it did not have the authority to interfere with the interstate slave trade. For the boxer who was born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., see, "Clay, Cassius Marcellus", by Frank L. Klement, in, "The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Clarke-street to Claytee", The Worst-Case Scenario Survival Handbook, Webster G. Tarpley: Speech for 150th Anniversary of Russian Fleets of 1863, "American Banker Wharton Barker's First-Person Account Confirms: Russian Tsar Alexander II Was Ready for War with Britain and France in 18621863 to Defend Lincoln and the Union", Newspaper article, Death Has Gripped Gen. Cassius Clay, "Muhammad Ali Never Knew Grandfather Was Jailed for 25-Cent Murder", "From the Vietnam war to Islam the key chapters in Alis life", "History website, Muhammad Ali: "Cassius Clay is my slave name", https://news.yale.edu/2016/06/09/muhammad-ali-originally-named-ardent-abolitionist-and-yale-alumnus-cassius-clay, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/10/25/specials/ali-heritage, Original Letters: Abraham Lincoln to Cassius Marcellus Clay, 1860, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassius_Marcellus_Clay_(politician)&oldid=1129188166, Republican Party members of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Ambassadors of the United States to Russia, 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people), American military personnel of the MexicanAmerican War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Being a prominent abolitionist and U.S. ambassador to Russia, Sarah "Sallie" Lewis Clay Bennett (18411935), Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. (18431843), Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. (18451857), This page was last edited on 24 December 2022, at 01:10. Henry Clay, Sr. (April 12, 1777 June 29, 1852) was an American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. John Brown was born on May 9, 1800, in Torrington, Connecticut, and was the son of an abolitionist tanner. Her legal challenge to slavery preceded the more famous Dred Scott case by 27 years. Her age was a contentious issue, leading the minister who was initially to marry them to bow out. As his anti-slavery rhetoric became louder, he lost voters in Kentucky and failed in his attempt for a fourth term. In 1840, Clay was a candidate for the Whig nomination, but he was defeated at the party convention by supporters of war hero William Henry Harrison. Similar to the Grimke sisters and John Laurens, Cassius M. Clay was a man born into a slave holding family who believed that slavery was wrong and should be This seemingly kicked off Clay's passionate anti-slavery stance. Clay was briefly a candidate for the vice presidency at the 1860 Republican National Convention,[3] but lost the nomination to Hannibal Hamlin. Clay came to own town lots and the Kentucky Hotel. Clay threw his support behind John Quincy Adams and won the presidency for Adams. [6] In 1894, the 84-year-old Clay married Dora Richardson, the orphaned sister of one of his sharecropping tenants. Husband of Elizabeth Watkins [30] Like other Southern Congressmen, Clay took slaves to Washington, DC to work in his household. The North and South came to increased tensions during Polk's Presidency over the extension of slavery into Texas and beyond. "[33] Clay presided at the founding meeting of the ACS on December 21, 1816, at the Davis Hotel in Washington, D.C. Attendees included Robert Finley, James Monroe, Bushrod Washington, Andrew Jackson, Francis Scott Key, and Daniel Webster. They advocated a declaration of war against the British. After he was executed, his wife, Mary Ann (Day) took John Brown's body to the family farm in upstate New York for burial. These and other events surrounding Kansas' difficult transition to statehood, made even more complicated by the issue of slavery, became known as Bleeding Kansas. WebNicknamed Cash, Cassius M. Clay was a Kentucky Republican leader and fervent abolitionist newspaper editor. He would remarry at the age of 84, the 15 year old orphaned sister of one of his sharecropping tenants. Harrison was chosen because his war record was attractive, and he was seen as more likely to win than Clay. [13] When the Russian Atlantic fleet entered New York harbor, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles wrote in his diary: In sending these ships to this country, there is something significant. Did you know? WebAn icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. Henry and Lucretia Clay were great-grandparents of the suffragette Madeline McDowell Breckinridge. (Booth would later assassinate President Abraham Lincoln over the latters decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.). His age did not appear to have been noticed by any other Senator, and perhaps not by Clay. It is unknown if the brothers had planned what happened next, or if they had simply come to see Clay and were infuriated by his speech. The Compromise of 1850[edit] Main article: Compromise of 1850 After losing the Whig Party nomination to Zachary Taylor in 1848, Clay decided to retire to his Ashland estate in Kentucky. Presumably, this brazen public onslaught was meant to send a message to other abolitionists that they should fear for their lives. He immediately appointed members of the War Hawk faction (of which he was the "guiding spirit")[1] to all the important committees, effectively giving him control of the House. After serving time for hijacking trucks and a revenge slaying, Gotti wrested control of the Gambino crime family in 1985. John Jay has a stronger claim on the title of abolitionist founding father than does Alexander Hamilton. A baggage handler at the towns train station was shot in the back and killed when he refused the orders of Browns men. He also married and started a family during that time. Clay made the position one of political power second only to the President of the United States. In 1878 he divorced his wife of 45 years, claiming abandonment, this was after she would no longer tolerate his infidelities. Beginning as an iron moulder, Parker developed and patented a number of mechanical and industrial inventions, including the John P. Parker tobacco press and harrow (or pulverizer),[2] patented in 1884 and 1885. Seven of Clay's children died before him. She was imprisoned in Alexandria, Virginia, before Clay arranged for her transport to New Orleans, where he placed her with his daughter and son-in-law Martin Duralde. Portrait by Matthew Harris Jouett, 1818 Early years[edit] In the summer of 1811, Clay was elected to the United States House of Representatives. The victim was a free Black manone of the very people the abolitionist movement sought to help. [1], Parker left the South, first settling in Jeffersonville, Indiana, then Cincinnati, Ohio, where there were larger free black communities and jobs in the bustling port. Clay was born on October 19th, 1810 in Madison County, Kentucky. [18], First Senate appointment and eligibility[edit] Clay's influence in Kentucky state politics was such that in 1806 the Kentucky legislature elected him to the Senate seat of John Breckinridge. Influenced by abolitionist poet John Greenleaf Whittier and abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, he became active in the New England Anti-Slavery Society. Clay read law by working and studying with Wythe, Chancellor of the Commonwealth of Virginia (also a mentor to Thomas Jefferson and John Marshall, among others), and Brooke. 22 in Lexington, Kentucky. Over the next several years, Browns efforts in Kansas continued, and two of his sons were captured and a third was killed by pro-slavery settlers. Dissolved the partnership two years later, as one of the peace,! [ 29 ], Early law and political career [ edit ] legal career [ edit ] handler! Of Texas, fearing it would inject the slavery issue into politics a fourth term Secretary state... The Democratic Party candidates [ 29 ], they each had three turns died.... Had slain Clay, Jr. enslaved a man named John Henry Clay Warmoth ( R ) injured. Have the authority to interfere with the interstate slave trade from 1825 to 1829 whose gained! Democratic-Republican Party had driven all other parties from the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad arrived in town and assisted residents... 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Plantation owners who became anti-slavery crusaders John Speed Smith, who also became a state and US politician his son... A declaration by Congress that it did not have the authority to interfere with the interstate slave.... Marry them to bow out he rejoined the Republican Party in the purchase Alaska! Extension of slavery into Texas and beyond marshall hit Clay once in the end, John Brown a...
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