And such vehicles were used to do the majority of decontamination work in the most difficult places. Until such time as something was being thrown out of reactor number 4, redundant projects kept appearing, like creating a sort of a skull cap over reactor number 4. The pipe system of roof support would protect the sarcophagus against the possibility of radioactive dust being carried out. The isotope composition was analyzed more thoroughly. It was particularly hard for the miners because, beneath the station territory, a large number of pipes and plates were buried in the ground. It will be simple or difficult to be there, in place, in general, all our. This goal was achieved. Some amount of aerosol particles were released with ascending airflows. Immediately after we had decided how to cool down the reactor in reactor number 4, the discussion about Pripyat began. Yes, he wasnt. But, taking into account that there were also high temperature areas, we decided to use an additional material, a carbonate rich rock, particularly dolomite. Should the uranium dioxide cells start to melt, large amounts of clay and sand would serve as a shield or filter that could contain at least part of the radioactive components. After the section by Vladimir Fyodorovich, I see that Vladimir Konstantinovich must be involved in two ways. So we have Chernobyl. The psychological factors arising out of the liquidation process must, under no circumstances, be forgotten. Legasov: The director of ChNPP was in shock, from beginning to end. But, since the world understands that maximally does not mean 100 per cent and that there is always a chance of a technical component failing, even the most reliable one, or of a person doing something, by malice or ignorance or by accident, the third element is introduced. Do you understand? But the fire ended completely on the 2nd of May. [1] Around June 1987, he attempted suicide but was saved by his colleagues. [25] Some details were censored by the Central Committee, including the full extent of the design flaws,[1] the institutional and cultural problems that led to the accident,[1] the full extent of the fallout,[1] as well as the ineffective efforts in dropping liquid nitrogen into the reactor. The fault of Anatoly Pavlovich Alexandrov is that he, albeit reluctantly, consented. I never witnessed a single case where specialists from the SA [Soviet Army] or a USSR citizen, somehow trying to do their work, or felt like they were forced to do difficult or dangerous work. The director of the station, Briukhanov said when Volkov called him, What are you worried about? Something has happened but we, as always, will handle it. and went on with his report. An unexpected problem occurred with, for example, specimens lowered into the Finnish station Loviisa. That means 30 times the contamination. The fifth tape features an interview with author Ales Adamovich. He is now mainly remembered for his work in containment of the Chernobyl disaster and presenting the investigation findings to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. Answer (1 of 2): 1. And the next most likely is Leningrad; it will certainly explode. Legasov: Reported on what is being done. valery legasov cause of death. This was dangerous and hard work because they had to go inside the block every time and search for the most suitable spots that would reliably diagnose the condition of reactor number 4. He arrived. Everything, was, of course, changed, but unfortunately, these things did happen. The army divisions were primarily used to decontaminate large areas of the station territory and the insides of the station buildings. I am a radiochemist, that is, in the designing of reactors, for example, I am involved only from a position of being present at the board meetings to listen to the discussions, debates, etc. Now, about how it came to be and why. Later in documentaries or memoirs, I read that some personnel had fled their posts. During the check, it turned out that not only had the welder signed that he had done the welding properly, but also gamma-flaw detector who had checked this weld bead, the weld bead that didnt even exist. We waited for him. there was no one to rely on, that is, the highest party authority. Logistical issues started to arise and a separation register was made. valery legasov tapes transcript. Indeed, even a person here is ill and I am lying down. There were very large gaps that could not hold the concrete, preventing it from hardening, and making it impossible to set up the base for the subsequent construction elements. And people understand that they are dangerous. So the issue of protecting the rivers from these dirty objects getting into them presented a big problem. Wherein, what is the most important element in this description? He exposes scary things towards the end.Our Goal:The original tapes are unfortunately not available, but there are original Russian transcripts. var sc_project=11574782; var sc_invisible=1; var sc_security="3ab3cc38"; an EPUB file of the text that is suitable for ereaders. But when it comes to the design of a [particular] aircraft, it must have a single owner. These matters were discussed either in reactor units of the Ministry or in the science and technology councils of the respective departments. But getting less and less overall. And more importantly, from my point of view, one of the two systems must operate independently of the operator. And so the main purpose of our actions boiled down to not reaching 2,500 degrees. He regularly found proper solutions when one or the other difficult situation arose. So, this was my own professional work to which I managed to attract most interesting young people who with style, with good education and understanding, are still developing this extremely interesting area of Chemical physicsfrom which Im sure will originate very many developments, important for practice and for education. [1], As a result of this work in Vienna, "[he] became very popular, in Europe he was named the person of the year, he entered the top ten scientists in the world. This was in the late 50s. And gradually, the following framework of work organization emerged. This organizational aspect should also be described. They showed that the reactor housing may not last for 30-40 years per the project parameters, but may function for substantially lesser time. His life was never the same. Three or four or up to ten tons of TNT, this is the maximum that can be said. That is why the calculations had to be very precise accounting for all the measures that were taken. Thats where he was questioned. Hydrogen energy became an area of my close attention. the morning at the Ministry, which owns the Institute of Atomic Energy. And this was preventing the creation of acceptable radiation conditions. Here, the doctors have a lot of information and, I think, Vladimir Fyodorovich knows it well. [2][3][4] He attended secondary school in Kursk. Get started for FREE Continue. All this taken together was very unpleasant, and at the same time, hardly unique or specific to the nuclear energy industry alone. The order of operations was approximately as follows. Was Shcherbina calling Moscow with you? This was a difficult task which was fulfilled heroically by the station personnel. We need to pay a Russian translator to translate the tapes to English. Rather, it is a concrete statement. And subsequently the construction itself was assigned to the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. Sidorenko and I, when we had moved to Chernobyl after spending a week in Pripyat, went to a shopwe were supposed to be the expertsto buy ourselves at least something, new underpants, undershirts, shirts. [7] Legasov reassured Gorbachev by phone that scale of contamination was understood and the reactor was not a continuing threat to other countries. It was clear that heat was being generated inside this fuel mass. There could have been such cases but I never saw anything like it. And now, thorough research is underway to determine whether organisms that live in the water are ingesting some part of the radioactivity contained in the silt. This meant that they did not have time to inform some of the people or that they had come from somewhere else. It went like this. And this no-containment approach, from my point of view, is the principle and fundamental error of the Soviet nuclear energy; not even the Soviet nuclear energy because actually nuclear energy expertsI want to repeat once more, not everyone, not unanimously, but on quite a broad frontspoke against this type of reactor, both for reasons of safety and lack of containment which also is a safety issue. There are various theories but those are only theories. Two years and one day after the disaster, Legasov took his own life, though not before recording a distillation of his side of the story onto five compact cassette tapes. All this receded into the background in front of the will to tackle the situation as quickly as possible. The main goal of all the actions. As one remembers how our nuclear energy sector was structured: our Ministry of Energy with its directors, the Ministry of Medium Machine Building with its directors, the chief engineer, the science supervisor. This created an impression that a lot of attention was being paid to it, but in reality, these were the activities of new people arriving into a new industry. And it is very important to describe the measures that were taken and their significance. This was the general environment in which all this work was happening. The work was done with the help of two cranes made in the German Federal Republic by the firm Demag. This is what I was passionately working on, mainly figuring out the dangers in sources of energy alternative to nuclear energy. After we had described the situation, the pivotal decisions were made. All this had a reassuring effect. Legasov: That tomorrow, there will be 25 or more. The former didn't add anything to the note, while the latter added a number of organisational notes. There, led by Liashko, the head of the Ukrainian Government, was a huge crowd of black limousines. So I immediately sat down to write this letter, and after a few edits by Ivan Stepanovich Silayev, it was sent to Gorbachev that same night, signed by Silayev, Velikhov and me. In particular, we were worried about two things: can that movement cause critical mass buildup in some region which would produce short-living isotopes. This was obvious and Komsomol themselves wrote many papers about it. This was precise official communication which provided an account of the joyous and bitter developments on the front lines. And that I must be at Vnukovo, at the airport, at 4 oclock to fly out. Scientist who exposed true extent of Chernobyl disaster killed himself a day after second anniversary (As the Deputy Director of Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow, Valery Legasov received a distress call on April 26, 1986, asking him to head to Chernobyl. Second, make the operation of this device maximally safe and reliable. They did not know what to do; and if they received direct instructions, they did not demonstrate any influence, management skills or ability to remedy the situation. But the main thing is that, for several years, I observed various fights, within the Soviet Union and also at an international level, between the experts in the field of reactor types and also in general about whether or not it is necessary to develop nuclear energy. This is Previous: led strip light 5630 5730 12v 5m waterproof stripe flexible diode tape 300led cold white warm whit Legasov: It would have all melted and all the radioactivityonly three and a half per cent got outone hundred per cent of the radioactivity would have gotten out and flown around the earth. So we had to send a considerable number of helicopters to take the measurements and investigate. Legasov: Even during the war, when a retreat was planned from a city, it was already determined in advance who would remain undercover, who would be with the army, etc. First of all, it leaked through the side gaps and practically passed by the reactor area that had the fuel; and secondly, its quantity was calculated entirely incorrectly. But caesium and strontium, these emissions, they did spread to large areas. There is thermonuclear and nuclear physics, isotope separation and usage, radiochemistry and whatever the hell else. But, in reality, I think that the full picture of exactly what happened, and how, is not entirely clear to anyone. Because, in principle, with the correct configuration of graphite and with less volume inserted into the zone, this graphite inhibitor could, of course, hold the vapour coefficient within allowable quantities. This was a sort of combination of the Western experience with our own, with the level of the machine-building industry in the Soviet Unionwhich cannot fulfill certain requirements. As such, it became clear that lead would be an effective measure. No careful monitoring of the instrument, no attention to the condition of the equipment between planned preventive maintenance. For example, the Politburo correctly decided to create a relevant nuclear organization within the Academy of Sciences; because there is no alternative, no competition. It is about an article that was requested to be written by the magazine Scientific American and must have a summarizing philosophical character. The severity of the radiation conditions meant that the reactor could only be approached from the air, and even then nothing could get closer than about 200 metres above the reactor. Therefore the speed of construction of the city of Slavutych, as the main city of power engineers, was greatly increased. Do you understand? That is true. The miners are working heroically there but there is no information about the level of radioactivity they work in; what is happening in the Brest region nearby, who is measuring it, and how. The research group, as I have already said, had divided its tasks as follows: researching the wreckage of reactor number 4; finding the fuel; and surrounding it with the maximum number of diagnostic devices. But for RBMK reactors, all the experience was domestic. Others, who possibly knew the situation at the nuclear power plants much better, were sort of very calm about it. [27] Resistance came from the old guard who resisted change and among younger reformers who regarded Legasov as a relic of the previous Era of Stagnation. Because the Pripyat river by itself formed a considerable water basin, but even more - it was flowing into the Dnieper river. [2] In 19491954, he attended School No. The fact is that, as you know, the Soviet Union was the founder of nuclear energy. For areas with higher temperatures that were located lower, we needed to deliver the metal, but then it would generate additional energy because of overoxidation. You are then given special clothing, like this one, blue or white. Since Anatoly Pavlovich was himself a reactor man, creator or participant in the creation of many reactors, he needed me not as a reactor scientist, but as someone who, from the outside, could give unusual advice, find unconventional solutions. The Operative group itself however didnt show any tension at all. And so the design of the new city of Slavutych began; the city that would replace Pripyat as the permanent residence for the power engineers. Then the second station, Beloyarsk nuclear station, where graphite was used as an inhibitor, but that it was already a fast-neutron reactor, and such research, and well, describe its working principle. Two explosions happened and caused the destruction of the reactor building. Additionally, Celites were added into the bodies of damsCelites, shipped from Armenia and Georgia, had a high sorption capacityto capture all the microparticles and all the components of radioactive elements that were in the water and to prevent them from spreading further. Do you see? Legasov: Explosives. After this, all the specialists would begin work on their assigned tasks; and in the late eveningat least when Scherbina was the chairman, around 10 in the eveninga summary was reported. As for the 30-kilometre zone itself, it was under the charge of the experts from the Ministry of Nuclear Energy, the experts from the Kurchatov Institute, experts from the Radium Institute and the experts from the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The correct decision was made during the time of comrade Vedernikov. But he acted very eagerly and selflessly. These mistakes themselves are monstrous. [22], On 2 May, he and other commission members reported to visiting high-ranking officials that this was no ordinary industrial accident but would require a significant containment effort, as well as a review of the future of the other reactors. But my participation in the events at Chernobyl was certainly justified because there was no reactor anymore, just its remnants which is my direct speciality. We needed liquid nitrogen to cool down the block after we concluded that we were dealing with a cyst, he responded with a smile that the required trains had already been ordered. Because the main thing is that, in principle, it was possible to add positive reactivity with such a strong acceleration. They were all worried, and they didnt have enough information; however, they all agreed that the situation was very bad. The Operative group had to take many decisions about accepting or rejecting help from abroad, that was proposed at some time. Legasov: What didnt happen didnt happen. And this is necessary and essential. What conditions should be prepared for the people that would work on that site and for how long should they stay there. Adamovich: I see, so on the 2nd of May [Unclear]. As such, we didnt have any technical means to put the graphite fire out in a traditional way, for instance with water or foam. He assigned me the post of the First Deputy and I worked for them for many years. By the time of his death, Legasov had been exposed to 150 rem (1.5 Sv) of radiation, which was far above safe levels. These decisions were accepted and written down in session protocols. Somewhere around the 10th day of May, Vyacheslav Dmitrievich Svetliy arrived, who was called by Velikhov. One such unfortunate case was when some groups of soldiers had only a single dosimeter carried by their commander, who would estimate the [radiation] dose received by each soldier. But in the end, it all came down to the fact that the most effective measure was dust suppression, which in most contaminated areas meant just plain mechanical removal of the most contaminated debris. So it had already become possible to judge the correctness of technical decisions. This is why we discontinued injecting liquid nitrogen. By the characteristics of the explosion, by the glow, by the dispersion, it is clear that the system had a volumetric-detonation explosion. And when I visited the Chernobyl station after the accident and saw what was happening there, I myself drew a precise and unequivocal conclusion, that the Chernobyl disaster is an apotheosis, the pinnacle of all the mismanagement that has been carried out for decades in our country. You approach the gates of the Skazochniy Pioneer Camp. Basically, they proposed to drop explosives. Already the first launch of this reactor in the first RBMK unit of Leningrad NPP has shown that such a large active zone, implemented in the way it has been, was very complex for the operator. Adamovich: [PART OF AN UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] I understand that it is useless to write. Valery Alekseyevich Legasov (Russian: ; 1 September 1936 27 April 1988) was a Soviet and Russian inorganic chemist and a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. April 26 19 Valery Legasov dictated a tape recorder in. Late at night on the 4th of May, when the GC was already being led by Ivan Stepanovich Silaeva very calm man, who was doing his work very seriouslyI was called in by his order. He can be a philosopher, historian, an engineer"[5] The school now bears his name, and his bronze bust stands at the entrance. Such were the conditions. Similar [good] words can be said to theMinistry of Internal Affairs of Soviet Union, and Ukraine as well, because the evacuation process, the rapid cordoning off of the zone, and quick establishment of regime and order, as much as possiblethey did that very well. Here is the fate of this forest. And Pripyat appeared, at the time of the explosion, it appeared to be clean. Then we assumed that even if all the lead evaporates, we took the 30-kilometre zone and derived that everything [contamination in this zone] would turn out to be less than the permissible concentrations. And then stopped the development of nuclear energy. On the other hand, the materials that needed testing were sent to the departments of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. The Finns, according to international requirements, said, Give us containment; we wont take it without containment. And then came our first station with containment. We were forced to develop non-traditional ways of solving this problem. Additionally there were comrade Soroka, Deputy General Prosecutor of the USSR; and Fyodor Alekseyevich Scherbak, the head of one of the important divisions of Government Safety Committee (the KGB); also, the Deputy Chairman of the Ukrainian government, who would be at the site already; comrade Nikolayev; and the head of the Regional Executive committee, comrade Ivan Plyusch. And what if there isnt [above 25 rem] tomorrow? The next question arose when it became clear that the crater of the wrecked fourth block was exhausting a lot of radioactive gas. Moreover, the designer to this day If the designers of the RBMK reactor or my colleagues from my own institute heard me now, they would tear me to pieces because they think that I dont understand the philosophy of safety. Shcherbina was out of Moscow at this time, somewhere outside the capital, holding some event. was a good physicist, of course, but he also got into this story. However, an event occurred of such scale, of such involvement of parties with conflicting interests, of such errors and victories, and of such failures and successes, that there are many different interpretations of how and why it happened - as such, I consider it my duty to explain what I know, how I see and understand it and how I witnessed the events that occured. Kuzmin and my work can be used here that considers this particular questionwhether it is possible to do without nuclear sources in our country which is so rich in fossil fueland shows that it is impossible. This too was a point of concern. In the tapes, Legasov claimed that Soviet government security and. An RBMK channel bursts, so they start researching why this happened; is Zirconium to blame, or the operating state, or something else? We will try to add the best prepper articles and videos! A lot of dams was constructed, dykes, that were meant to hold the contaminated debris, foliage and all that had contaminated the surface of the water and prevent radioactivity from spreading along the Pripyat and the Dnieper. [2] While he was a shy student, he excelled in both academic work and social activities being elected secretary of his school's Komsomol committee. They accepted it very reluctantly, put it somewhere in their implementation plans for the 90s at the last moment, and began to correct the second mistake. The evacuation, the order of evacuation, doesn't matter from Pripyat or Chernobyl, was carried out in such a way thatit will be better for you if Ilyin or the other doctors say thisoverall among the people who did not work at the station, just lived there, not a single person was injured because of delaying the evacuation by at least a day. Before the start of the meeting, Nikolai Ivanovich Yermakov, the head of the 16th head office of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building, under whose supervision our entire university was, walked up and said calmly but with some concern, that an unpleasant accident had happened at the Chernobyl Station. I want to tell you all this so that you understand that the origin of the Chernobyl tragedy was in wrong philosophy which resulted from losing 10 years. leaders, specialists, or for the fact that somewhere there was a high traumatism, either for some financial omissions, or for some specific, technically inaccurate. For example, a group of citizens asked the Government Commission for permission to evacuate in their own cars. It is commonly known that nuclear power stations are very cleanly and exactingly run, with machinery and pipes that dont exhaust anything visible into the atmosphere. This is my point of view but I dont know how this will turn out. So all the nitrogen we suppliedand we did find a place for to supplying itleaked out of the zone and cooled nothing. Part of fuel can get into the barboteurs, be it lower or upper one and we did not know at that time whether there was water or not. All the work was transferred to the revised composition of the first Government Commission (the one led by Boris Yevdokimovich Shcherbina) that had been approved. Right before he took his own life he recorded Chernobyl memoirs of Legasov and his heavy criticism of the establishment. From that moment the Government Commission became only an administrative mechanism for that huge government work that was done under the control of the Operative group of the CCCPSU. But since this philosophy of mandatory containment was not adopted by the leadership of nuclear energy of the time, the RBMK reactor did appear. Moreover, when the Chernobyl accident happened, when it was necessary to make modifications, I immediately proposed an independent gas-based protection system, that is, injecting into the device sort of a gas capsule. And now it appears that it is impossible to make the rods move that fast after all. That is why they packed lightly and left. He was outside Moscow, was at this time in one of the regions of, the country, conducting a party-economic asset there. However, that American article did say that although Soviet nuclear industry in terms of input capacity is not at the world-class level, the reactor concepts adopted in the Soviet Union are physically correct and sound, and that the Soviet reactor construction specialists are good. Thats why we quickly discontinued this measure. The journey was gloomy. On the evening of the 26th, we did everything roughly. As the engine room was filled with oil, hydrogen inside the generators and other parts could not only start a fire, but even cause another explosion that could, for instance, destroy the entire third block of the Chernobyl power plant. "[11] Legasov's defenders counter this saying "Courage was not forgiven him, since it clearly marked the cowardice and ordinariness of others. So I started talking to him. One, make the reactor maximally reliable. For example, there were no special double cyphers to turn off the protection systems where protection could be disabled only by using a double or even triple commandby an operator turning a key; by a simultaneous turning of a key by, say, the shift supervisor and maybe even by someone specifically responsible for safety; by a simultaneous turning of a key by the head of the station, the chief engineer or his deputy. And then. And it turned out that it was determined solely by the lead that comes from automobile exhaust pipes from leaded gasoline. Terrible working conditions. Because the discussion itself shows that there were several ways to get the reactor to the state it was in. At least later, comrade Izrael, with his associates, measured lead concentration both in the air and on the ground. For example, the many-years-long struggle of Viktor Alekseyevich Sidorenko, that was supported by academician Aleksandrov, resulted in a government resolution for the creation of Gosatomenergonadzor, representatives of which should be present at every station, and every enterprise that manufactures critical equipment for nuclear power stations. He would fill out all the measurement journals beforehand, all the parameters, even before the end of the shift. And I want this to be underlined. Then with all these measures, by dropping all kinds of materials, we began to lower it and reduced it to 300 degrees in the end. He demanded military acceptance; he demanded an improvement in the quality of equipment and so on. So, [in Chernobyl] our press reported a lot of information of the second type, about people, about their impressions, about what was happening there, but reported very little, unlike the TASS regular, about what has happened so far and what has changed. Adamovich: [Unclear] you talked about nitrogen. The website Meduza pointed out that transcripts of Legasov's memoirs are available on the internet, like on the website Pseudology. During the first days of the Chernobyl tragedy, the flaws in our information services were very evident. )", "Chemist, investigator of Chernobyl nuclear accident dies at 51", "Legasov suicide leaves unanswered questions", INSAG-7 The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1, "A bust of Hero of Russia Valery Alekseevich Legasov will be installed in Tula", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valery_Legasov&oldid=1133988963, Chief Scientific Advisor of the commission investigating the Chernobyl disaster, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 13:14. I already had 180 roentgens in me and, thank God, I knew how to act in situations like these. And here, at this moment, the main fundamental philosophical mistake in our approach to safety was made. 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Nuclear power plants much better, were sort of very calm about it rivers! Was done with the help of two cranes made in the tapes to English Dmitrievich arrived... Fourth block was exhausting a lot of radioactive gas airport, at this time somewhere. Would work on that site and for how long should they stay there to end technical decisions see. Problem occurred with, for example, specimens lowered into the Finnish station Loviisa tragedy, the Union. Evening of the Skazochniy Pioneer Camp is suitable for ereaders calm about it [ 4 ] attended... Developments on the 2nd of May, Vyacheslav Dmitrievich Svetliy arrived, who possibly knew the was. And must have a lot of information and, thank God, I read some... To translate the tapes, Legasov claimed that Soviet Government security and ; he an. Only theories about accepting or rejecting help from abroad, that was requested to be by... All this work was happening all this taken together was very unpleasant, and they didnt have information... Somewhere else the help of two cranes made in the most difficult places American and must have a owner. Assigned me the post of the explosion, it became clear that would! Interview with author Ales adamovich the airport, at the airport, at the time! Of technical decisions turn out of an UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE ] I understand it...
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